SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN KOPERASI DI INDONESIA 

Nama                    : Ikhlas Pamuja

NPM/Kelas           : 14213251 / 2EA22

Dosen                    : Sarah Widia Rahmarini

 

PERMASALAHAN

 

AWAL PERTUMBUHAN KOPERASI INDONESIA

Pertumbuhan koperasi di Indonesia dipelopori oleh R. Aria Wiriatmadja patih
di Purwokerto (1896), mendirikan koperasi yang bergerak dibidang simpanpinjam.
Untuk memodali koperasi simpan- pinjam tersebut di samping
banyak menggunakan uangnya sendiri, beliau juga menggunakan kas mesjid
yang dipegangnya (Djojohadikoesoemo, 1940, h 9). Setelah beliau
mengetahui bahwa hal tersebut tidak boleh, maka uang kas mesjid telah
dikembalikan secara utuh pada posisi yang sebenarnya.
Kegiatan R Aria Wiriatmadja dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh De Wolf
Van Westerrode asisten Residen Wilayah Purwokerto di Banyumas. Ketika
ia cuti ke Eropa dipelajarinya cara kerja wolksbank secara Raiffeisen
(koperasi simpan-pinjam untuk kaum tani) dan Schulze-Delitzsch (koperasi
simpan-pinjam untuk kaum buruh di kota) di Jerman. Setelah ia kembali dari
cuti mulailah ia mengembangkan koperasi simpan-pinjam sebagaimana telah
dirintis oleh R. Aria Wiriatmadja . Dalam hubungan ini kegiatan simpanpinjam
yang dapat berkembang ialah model koperasi simpan-pinjam lumbung
dan modal untuk itu diambil dari zakat.

Selanjutnya Boedi Oetomo yang didirikan pada tahun 1908
menganjurkan berdirinya koperasi untuk keperluan rumah tangga. Demikian
pula Sarikat Islam yang didirikan tahun 1911 juga mengembangkan koperasi
yang bergerak di bidang keperluan sehari-hari dengan cara membuka toko-toko
koperasi. Perkembangan yang pesat dibidang perkoperasian di
Indonesia yang menyatu dengan kekuatan social dan politik menimbulkan
kecurigaan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Oleh karenanya Pemerintah Hindia
Belanda ingin mengaturnya tetapi dalam kenyataan lebih cenderung menjadi
suatu penghalang atau penghambat perkembangan koperasi. Dalam
hubungan ini pada tahun 1915 diterbitkan Ketetapan Raja no. 431 yang berisi
antara lain :
a. Akte pendirian koperasi dibuat secara notariil;
b. Akte pendirian harus dibuat dalam Bahasa Belanda;
c. Harus mendapat ijin dari Gubernur Jenderal;
dan di samping itu diperlukan biaya meterai 50 gulden.

Pada akhir tahun 1930 didirikan Jawatan Koperasi dengan tugas:
a. memberikan penerangan kepada pengusaha-pengusaha Indonesia
mengenai seluk beluk perdagangan;
b. dalam rangka peraturan koerasi No 91, melakukan pengawasan dan
pemeriksaan terhadap koperasi-koperasi, serta memberikan
penerangannya;
c. memberikan keterangan-keterangan tentang perdagangan
pengangkutan, cara-cara perkreditan dan hal ihwal lainnya yang
menyangkut perusahaan-perusahaan;
d. penerangan tentang organisasi perusahaan;
e. menyiapkan tindakan-tindakan hukum bagi pengusaha Indonesia
( Raka.1981,h.42)
DR. J.H. Boeke yang dulunya memimpin “Komisi Koperasi” 1920
ditunjuk sebagai Kepala Jawatan Koperasi yang pertama.
Selanjutnya pada tahun 1933 diterbitkan Peraturan Perkoperasian
dalam berntuk Gouvernmentsbesluit no.21 yang termuat di dalam Staatsblad
no. 108/1933 yang menggantikan Koninklijke Besluit no. 431 tahun 1915.
Peraturan Perkoperasian 1933 ini diperuntukkan bagi orang-orang Eropa dan
golongan Timur Asing. Dengan demikian di Indonesia pada waktu itu
berlaku 2 Peraturan Perkopersian, yakni Peraturan Perkoperasian tahun
1927 yang diperuntukan bagi golongan Bumi Putera dan Peraturan
Perkoperasian tahun 1933 yang berlaku bagi golongan Eropa dan Timur
Asing.

  

Konsep Koperasi Barat

Konsep koperasi barat adalah konsep yang menjelaskan bahwa koperasi adalah organisasi swasta yang dibentuk secara sukarela oleh orang-orang yang mempunyai persamaan kepentingan, untuk mengurusi kepentingan para anggotanya serta menciptakan keuntungan timbal balik bagi anggota koperasi maupun perusahaan koperasi. Adapun unsur-unsur dari konsep koperasi barat, yaitu:

·         Keinginan individu dapat dipuaskan dengan cara bekerja sama antar sesama anggota, dengan cara saling membantu dan saling menguntungkan

·         Setiap individu dengan tujuan yang sama dapat berpartisipasi untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dan menanggung resiko bersama

·         Hasil berupa surplus didistribusikan kepada anggota sesuai dengan metode yang tellah disepakati

·         Keuntungan yang belum didistribusikan akan dimasukkan sebagai cadangan koperasi

 ANALISA

Awal mula koperasi hanya untuk simpan pinjam modal petani, dan berkelanjutan menjadi sistem simpan pinjam untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga. Adapun hambatan yang di tempuh pada saat perkembangan koperasi di jaman penjajahan Hindia Belanda.

Konsep koperasi barat ialah, konsep dimana sistem organisasi sukarela yang di urus bersama dan untuk kepentingan bersama.

RINGKASAN

Berdirinya koperasi awal mulanya adalah pada tahun 1896 di Purwokerto yang di cetuskan oleh R. Aria Wiriatmadja yang fungsinya untuk memberi simpan pinjam untuk para petani di sekitar Banyumas. Suatu ketika di kembang lanjutkan oleh De Wolf Van Westerrode. Pada tahun 1908, Boedi Oetomo menganjurkan koperasi di dirikan untuk keperluan rumah tangga. Pada tahun 1911 Serikat Islam mengembangkan koperasi untuk keperluan sehari-hari dengan cara membuka toko. Perjalanan sistem koperasi yang menyatu dan tumbuh pesat menimbulkan kecurigaan pihak Hindia Belanda, oleh karena itu pemerintah Hindia Belanda menghambat dan menghalangi perkembangan dari sistem koperasi pada waktu itu, dengan menerbitkan beberapa peraturan yang disebut Ketetapan Raja. Dan pada akhirnya di tahun 1930 di bentuk Jawatan Koperasi dengan tugas untuk memajukan usaha-usaha yang ada di masa itu.

Konsep koperasi barat merupakan suatu organisasi swasta yang di dirikan sukarela yang tujuannya adalah mengurus secara bersama dan menciptakan keuntungan untuk bersama atau timbal balik bagi anggota koperasi tersebut.

SUMBER

http://www1.patikab.go.id/artikel/sejarah-perkembangan-koperasi-di-indonesia

 http://www.kopindo.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=404&Itemid=406

Nama : Ikhlas Pamuja

Kelas   : 1EA30

NPM   : 14213251

DIRECT AND INDIRECT

 When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

We may report the words of a speaker in two ways:

1. Direct Speech
We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is called Direct Speech.

2. Indirect Speech
We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.

Example:
• Direct: Clinton said, “I am very busy now.”
• Indirect: Clinton said that he was very busy then.

• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.

How to change Direct to Indirect Speech?
It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker.In Indirect Speech we do not use the inverted commas.
It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect speech, certain changes have been made.

Thus:
i. We have used the conjunction ‘that’ before the Indirect Statement.
ii. The pronoun “I” is changed to “HE”. (The Pronoun is changed in Person)
iii. The verb “am” is changed to “was”.
iv. The adverb “now” is changed to “then”.

Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech:

A. When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all the Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense.

a. A simple present tense becomes simple past tense.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He said that he was unwell.

b. A present continuous tense becomes a past continuous.
Example:
• Direct : He said, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He said that his mother was writing letter.

c. A present perfect becomes a past perfect:
Example:
• Direct: He said, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he said that he had passed the examination.

d. As a rule the simple past tense in the Direct Speech becomes the past perfect tense in Indirect Speech.
Example:
• Direct: He said, “His horse died in the night.”
• Indirect: he said that his horse had died in the night.

NOTE:
The shall of the future is changed into should.
The will of the future is changed into would.
The can and may of the future are changed into could and might respectively.

B. The tenses will not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth. We can often choose whether to keep The original tenses or change them.

Examples:
• Direct: “I know her address”, said John.
• Indirect: John said that he knows/knew her address.

In this Indirect Speech, both the past tense and the present tense make the sentence a correct one.

• Direct: The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
• Indirect: The teacher said that the earth goes/went round the sun.

• Direct: She said, “German is easy to learn.”
• Indirect: She said that German was/is easy to learn.

The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are reporting objectively.

C. If the reporting verb is in present tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not change. For example, we may rewrite the above examples, putting the reporting verb in the present tense.

Examples:

• Direct : He says, “I am unwell.”
• Indirect: He says that he is unwell.

• Direct : He says, “ my mother is writing letter.”
• Indirect: He says that his mother is writing letter.

• Direct: He says, “I have passed the examination.”
• Indirect: he says that he has passed the examination.

• Direct: He says, “His horse died in the night.”
• Indirect: he says that his horse died in the night.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

D. The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, so that their relations with the reporter and his hearer, Rather than with the original speaker are indicated.

Examples:

• Direct: He said to me, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: He said that he did not believe me.

• Direct: She said to him, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: She said to him that she did not believe him.

• Direct: I said to him, “I did not believe you.”
• Indirect: I said to him that I did not believe him.

• Direct: I said to you, “I do not believe you.”
• Indirect: I said to you that I do not believe you.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

E. Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing distance.

Examples:

• Direct: He said, “I am glad to be here this evening.”
• Indirect: he said that he was glad to be there that evening.

• Direct: He said, “I was here yesterday.”
• Indirect: He said that he was there the day before.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

Now, let us see the words which get changed when the Direct Speech is changed into Indirect Speech.

• Now becomes then
• Here becomes there
• Ago becomes before
• Thus becomes so
• Today becomes that day
• Tomorrow becomes the next day
• Yesterday becomes the day before
• Last night becomes the night before
• This becomes that
• These becomes those

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

F. How the questions used in the Direct Speech are changed into Indirect Speech?

In reporting questions, the indirect Speech is introduced by such verbs as asked, inquired etc…

Examples:

• Direct: He said to me, “What are you doing?”
• Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.

• Direct: A stranger asked me, “Where do you live?”
• Indirect: A stranger enquired where I lived.

• Direct: The Policemen said to us, “Where are you going?”
• Indirect: The Policemen asked us where we were going.

• Direct: He said, “Will you listen to such a man?”
• Indirect: He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
• Indirect: Would they, he asked, listen to such a man.

• Direct: His angry mother jeered, “Do you suppose you know better than your father?”
• Indirect: His angry mother jeered and asked whether he supposed that he knew better than his father.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

G. How the Commands and the Requests in the Direct Speeches are changed when the Direct Speeches are changed into indirect Speeches?

In reporting commands and requests, the indirect speech is introduced by some verb expressing commands and requests, and the Imperative Mood is changed into Infinitive Mood.

Examples:

• Direct: Raja said to John, “Go away.”
• Indirect: Raja ordered John to go away.

• Direct: He said to Mary, “Please wait here till I return.”
• Indirect: he requested Mary to wait there till he returned.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

• Direct: “Call the first witness”, said the Judge.
• Indirect: The Judge commanded them to call the first witness.

• Direct: He shouted, “Let me go.”
• Indirect: he shouted to them to let him go.

• Direct: He said, “Be quite and listen to my words”.
• Indirect: He urged them to be quite and listen to his words.

Are you clear about the conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech?

H. How the Exclamation and the Wishes in the Direct Speeches are changed when the Direct Speeches are changed into Indirect Speeches?

In reporting exclamation and wishes, the Indirect Speech is introduced by some verb expressing Exclamation and Wishes.

Examples:

• Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone”.
• Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was undone.

• Direct: Alice said, “How clever I am?”
• Indirect: Alice exclaimed that he was very clever.

• Direct: He said, “Bravo! You have done well.”
• Indirect: he applauded him, saying that he had done well.

• Direct: “So help me, Heaven!” he cried, “I will never steal again”.
• Indirect: He called upon Heaven to witness his resolve never to resolve.

 

http://sendylicious.blogspot.com/2011/02/tugas-softskill-bahasa-inggris-sendy.html

http://grethanobelia.blogspot.com/2012/03/tugas-softskill-direct-and-indirect.html 

http://adityss09.blogspot.com/2012/05/tugas-softskill-bahasa-inggris2.html